You bought a refurbished phone that has factory firmware for a US specific carrier (T-Mobile), to which, after the update, it defaulted to.
The only way I know to fix this issue is to have your 'foreign' carrier flash their firmware onto the phone.
Or, subscribe T-Mobile with an international plan, which is probably costly.
Or, perhaps, find out if you can unlock the phone again through T-Mobile, then have it activated by your current carrier in France. If this is possible, it then may be necessary to do so again each time it updates.
That you were able to update the phone meant that the network saw your phone as a T-Mobile device, which would have provided the update.
[When I went from AT&T to Mint on my S23 Ultra (AT&T) it completely stopped updating as I needed to be connected to the AT&T network to receive the update that was designed for their firmware. Eventually, I upgraded my phone to the Z Fold 7 1TB (Unlocked) and since it has the generic firmware I'm getting my updates on Mint. Having a phone with carrier specific firmware allows the user to access all the special features that the network offers, like visual voicemail, and is the reason that they are different than a generic 'Unlocked' device. For this reason too Mint doesn't offer visual voicemail as they would then have to have their own carrier specific devices.]
My advise, however, is to ditch the phone and get one in France or at least one that is a true 'Unlocked' device. In other words, get an unlocked phone that doesn't have carrier specific firmware (AT&T, Verizon, or T-Mobile).
